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Automating Digital Leaf Measurement: The Tooth, the Whole Tooth, and Nothing but the Tooth

<22>The algorithm described here offers a significant increase in the speed of analysing leaf specimens for morphological variation by automating, for the first time, the tooth analysis of leaves found in digital images. Furthermore, the software measures other features such as area and angle, a difficult task by hand when dealing with hundreds of thousands of species. It requires minimal human intervention and only readily-available computer resources. This is a considerable breakthrough, as thousands of leaf images can be rapidly processed, allowing far larger studies than are otherwise practical. This work is in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.