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Large vapour cloud explosions, with particular reference to that at Buncefield

This invited paper arises from the authors’ studies on the Buncefield Inquiry Explosion Mechanism Group, investigating this huge explosion. The severity of the explosion had not been identified in previous hazard assessments and it was imperative to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The paper covers pioneering analyses of self-acceleration of turbulent flames along lines of hedgerows, generating damaging pressure waves, with possible full, or partial, transitions to detonations. The generation of high-rising fireballs and firestorms is shown to be less likely, due to insufficient localised spillage, as was the role of strong radiation in significantly enhancing flame propagation.