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Proficiency Assessment of Gesture Analysis in Laparoscopy by Means of the Surgeon's Musculo-Skeleton Model

This paper reports on detailed ergonomics research involving trained surgeons and surgeons in training, the data from which led to development and validation by a multidisciplinary team of engineers (control, software and mechanical) and laparoscopic general surgeons of the Surgeon’s Musculoskeletal model, which is now recognized as a useful model by medical industries as a development tool for advanced manipulators and surgical robotics. It has stimulated work which imports digital electro-encephalography from surgeons, documenting changes in brain electrical activity during surgical training. The new data is being collated for a Major European funding submission within Horizon 2020 next year.