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A nonlinear macroscopic multi-phasic model for describing interactions between solid, fluid and ionic species in biological tissue materials.

This paper provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for analysing the interactions between solid, fluid, and ionic species in porous materials. It also identifies the interconnection between Nernst-Planck equation and the theory of irreversible thermodynamic for ionic transport in porous materials. The model is the further development of Biot’s poroelasticity from two to three phases with considering the nonlinearity of porous materials and influence of ionic transport on the flow of ionic solution and the deformation of porous materials. Stanford University has applied this model to simulate the surgery of human corneas. Plymouth is using this model to study the behaviour and properties of cartilage.