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Predicting muscle activation patterns from motion and anatomy: modelling the skull of Sphenodon (Diapsida: Rhynchocephalia)

This paper describes the development of a highly novel method for predicting muscle activation in musculoskeletal modelling, termed DGO (dynamic geometric optimization). The BBSRC-funded research revealed the detailed relationship between muscle anatomy and activation profile during normal jaw function. Validation against experimental data confirmed that the activation predictions were reasonable and the motion of the mandible followed that observed in vivo. The method developed here has influenced international research (e.g. http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2013/389-allosaurus-feeding) as well as being used in many subsequent studies leading to a number of other high impact publications.