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Furthering distributed participative design: unlocking the walled gardens

<33> Many information systems fail. One route to reducing this failure rate involves understanding development processes. This paper investigates participatory design as an example of collaborative research methods that have been successfully applied to IS problems. Other collaborative research methods, such as action research and design science, have also been used in the same context. This paper argues that this trifurcation in collaborative methods is unhelpful and that "walled gardens" inhibit learning and method development. These methods are well-established in Scandinavia and this publication is in the top outlet for this type of work.