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Learning and mutuality in municipal partnerships and beyond: a focus on northern partners

This article builds on research documented in Johnson and Wilson (2006) and Wilson and Johnson (2007). New concepts are developed (action learning spaces, institutional spreading) and the article incorporates updating interviews carried out in 2008. The focus of the article differs from the previous publications in raising what northern partners gain from North-South municipal partnerships and how the partnerships can transcend their initial boundaries. Further conceptualisation captures aspects of the dynamics, notably the difference between engagement and giving, and the spectrum of equal to unequal and safe to unsafe terrains in which learning and mutuality take place.