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Measurement of urea, creatinine and urea to creatinine ratio using enzyme based chemical current conveyor (CCCII+)

This paper reports work undertaken in collaboration with Imperial College, London. The paper describes a measurement instrument which for the first time enables a direct and real-time measurement of buffer capacity and pH. This is extremely useful for clinical diagnosis and an important development in biomedical instrumentation. The instrument uses a new miniaturised CMOS integrated pH sensor circuit, based on the Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) as the primary sensing device. This is a land-mark development and forms the basis for further research into bio-medical instrumentation that will utilise the same front end design described in this paper