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Encapsulation of FITC to monitor extracellular pH: a step towards the development of red blood cells as circulating blood analyte biosensors

This paper presents the first use of functionalized red blood cells as a platform for sensing the extracellular environment. The general concept is to functionalize red blood cells with optical sensors that enable noninvasive optical measurements of blood analytes. The red blood cells are functionalized by diffusing optically active sensors through lysis pores into the cells. This paper provides proof of concept through detection of extracellular pH. The paper led directly to an NIH R21 grant with our collaborators, Prof. Milanick and Prof. Glass (University of Missouri). This has led to numerous presentations and an invited talk at PQE (January 2014).