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Immunomodulatory effect of a decellularized skeletal muscle scaffold in a discordant xenotransplantation model

Decellularized (acellular) scaffolds, composed of natural extracellular matrix, form the basis of an emerging generation of tissue engineered organ and tissue replacements capable of transforming healthcare. Prime requirements for allogeneic, or xenogeneic, decellularized scaffolds are biocompatibility and absence of rejection. We provide evidence that decellularized muscle scaffolds promote anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses both in vitro and in vivo, down-regulate T-cell xeno responses and TH1 effector cytokines in vitro, and polarize the macrophage response in vivo; promoting alternative pathway activation of macrophages. The author was involved in the conception of this project and assisted in writing the paper.