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Repentance and forgiveness: withdrawal from participation liability and the proportionality test

The qualitative redemptive conduct of a criminal actor is addressed in three particularised sections: the conceptual nature of withdrawal as a quasi-excusatory affirmative defence with foundational tenets of reduced culpability; extirpation of relevant substantive principles and comparative evaluation of other common law juridical precepts; and the propagation of a new standardised template for withdrawal predicated on aligning together a reasonableness–imputed proportionality normative assessment for exculpation. It provides a reappraisal of the withdrawal defence, and forms part of an innovative monograph on Participation in Crime with world-leading contributors and within a significant Ashgate series on Substantive Issues In Criminal Law.