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On the emergence of toroidal flux tubes: general dynamics and comparisons with the cylinder model

This paper demonstrates that the axes of toroidal emerging flux tubes can reach the outer atmosphere – the corona. This was not possible with previous models and was a source of criticism at conferences. The toroidal model considered in the paper also produces magnetic foot points (sunspots) that reach a final separation. This is another improvement over previous models where the foot points continued to separate indefinitely.